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66 projects entered 2 positive feedback from outsourcers
Project Details
Project Summary
Corroboration
Volume: 6686 words Completed: Jun 2024 Languages: English to Polish
Code of conduct of a pharmaceutical company, 6686 words
Management, Business/Commerce (general)
No comment.
Volume: 11630 words Completed: Feb 2024 Languages: English to Polish
Article on "the charm of three" - a phenomenon in marketing communication
An exploration of the concept of "the charm of three" in communication (especially one with visible persuasion motive), where using more than three positive claims about an object (such as a product, service, or person) does not actually increase the recipient's positive perception but does exactly the opposite. The article encompasses previous studies on the subject and showcases the findings from four experiments carried out by the authors.
Advertising / Public Relations, Marketing, Mathematics & Statistics
No comment.
Volume: 2572 words Completed: Jan 2024 Languages: English to Polish
Survey on reproductive rights
Government / Politics, Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 4562 words Completed: Nov 2023 Languages: English to Polish
Training course on information security
Online training course on security of sensitive company information and personal data, covering common risk factors, methods used by cyber-criminals to steal data, as well as general and company-specific security rules and procedures.
IT (Information Technology), Management
No comment.
Volume: 1687 words Completed: Aug 2023 Languages: Polish to English
Part of medical records (patient with glioblastoma)
Outcomes of examinations of a patient with glioblastoma (CT, USG and MRI scans) and physicians' recommendations concerning further treatment
Medical (general), Medical: Oncology
No comment.
Volume: 5739 words Completed: Aug 2023 Languages: Polish to English
Medical records (orthopedic surgery and further treatment)
Records of operation, subsequent treatment and rehabilitation of knee due to complete tear of anterior cruciate ligament and bucket handle type fracture of medial meniscus
Medical (general)
No comment.
Volume: 107556 words Completed: Apr 2023 Languages: English to Polish
A chapter of a big book on group therapy - very interesting!
Psychology
positive Robert Andruszko: Very professional, fast and reliable. Thank you for your help!
Volume: 2170 words Completed: Mar 2023 Languages: English to Polish
Notice of proceedings for recovery of possession
An official warning letter required by UK law if you want to evict a tenant for rent arrears.
Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 1910 lines Completed: Nov 2022 Languages: English to Polish
5 episodes of a sitcom
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
No comment.
Volume: 350 lines Completed: Jul 2022 Languages: English to Polish
Formality translation and annotation project (quality check).
Checking the quality of translations into formal and informal style and the correctness of tagging of grammatical formality markers.
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
No comment.
Volume: 10508 words Completed: Jul 2022 Languages: Polish to English
MTPE of posts and messages from various social media
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
No comment.
Volume: 9456 words Completed: Jul 2020 Languages: Polish to English
3 agreements concerning insurance management system
Agreement 1 - licence, agreement 2 - implementation, agreement 3 - maintenance and development
Law: Contract(s), IT (Information Technology)
No comment.
Volume: 1719 words Completed: Oct 2018 Languages: Polish to English
Software license agreement
Law: Contract(s), IT (Information Technology)
No comment.
Volume: 3787 words Completed: Sep 2018 Languages: Polish to English
Volume: 3097 words Completed: Sep 2017 Languages: Polish to English
Legal documents (power of attorney, agreement, lawsuit, judgment)
Again, I acted here both as a translator and a lawyer - I translated documents in a case I brought to court on behalf of 2 Filipino women against their former Polish employer.
Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 849 words Completed: Dec 2016 Languages: Polish to English
Computer system maintenance and servicing agreement
Law: Contract(s), IT (Information Technology)
No comment.
Volume: 849 words Completed: Dec 2016 Languages: Polish to English
Agreement on maintenance and hosting of a computer system
IT (Information Technology), Law: Contract(s)
No comment.
Volume: 1581 words Completed: Oct 2016 Languages: Polish to English
Agreement on legal services
Law: Contract(s)
No comment.
Volume: 1230 words Completed: Aug 2016 Languages: Polish to English
Agreement on group air travels
An agreement between Polish branch of an airline and their agent concerning terms and procedure of booking flights for groups.
Tourism & Travel, Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 4286 words Completed: Apr 2016 Languages: Polish to English English to Polish
Bilingual contract concerning investment in Thailand
An interesting project from my point of view as I acted here both as a lawyer and a translator. The contract matter was an investment by a Polish national into construction of a resort in Thailand, in partnership with a Thai national (which is mandatory because foreigners are not allowed to be sole proprietors of real estate in Thailand).
Law: Contract(s), Tourism & Travel
No comment.
Volume: 3100 words Completed: Nov 2015 Languages: Polish to English
Essay „Decommunization and lustration – dealing with the past”
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc., History, Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 3952 words Completed: Aug 2013 Languages: Polish to English
Article on human rights
Full title of English translation: " 'All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights….' A few reflections on human rights on 65th anniversary of Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc., Law (general), History
No comment.
Volume: 31808 words Completed: Mar 2013 Languages: Polish to English
PhD thesis in political sciences
Government / Politics, History
No comment.
Volume: 7323 words Completed: Dec 2012 Languages: Polish to English
Lecture on human rights education
Full title of English translation: "Human rights in education system during system transformation in Poland"
Government / Politics, Education / Pedagogy, Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 8575 words Completed: Apr 2009 Languages: English to Polish
Training materials (slideshows, handouts, evaluation questionnaire)
Human Resources, Law (general), Management
No comment.
Volume: 2 days Completed: Apr 2009 Languages: English to Polish Polish to English
Consecutive interpreting and chuchotage during a workshop
2-day workshop held by British experts in Warsaw for advisers from Polish network of Citizen Advice Bureaux, concerning procedures and techniques of working with clients (documenting cases, doing interviews, drawing up financial statements etc.)
Government / Politics, Law (general), Management
No comment.
Volume: 5 hours Completed: Apr 2009 Languages: Polish to English English to Polish
Consecutive interpreting during a press conference and meetings
Pro bono work for a human rights organisation in Warsaw - translating during a press conference and meetings of a British national held in infamous Guantanamo for over two years and then released without any charges.
Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 4194 words Completed: Mar 2008 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
Management
No comment.
Volume: 2092 words Completed: Mar 2008 Languages: Polish to English
Grant application
Management
No comment.
Volume: 4699 words Completed: Nov 2007 Languages: English to Polish
List of categories in database
Human Resources, Law (general), Management
No comment.
Volume: 591 words Completed: Oct 2007 Languages: Polish to English
Letter of intent
Business/Commerce (general), Management
No comment.
Volume: 7135 words Completed: Sep 2007 Languages: English to Polish
Decision of EU's Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency
Law: Contract(s)
positive \"Homo Faber\" Association: No comment.
Volume: 1493 words Completed: Jan 2007 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
Management
No comment.
Volume: 16105 words Completed: Nov 2006 Languages: Polish to English
"Migration of Poles to Ireland - research report"
Unpublished translation for English-speaking participants of conference "Polish workers mobility: brain drain or a chance for better integration with Europe? New experience and challenge for citizens advice – Polish and Irish perspective.” in Warsaw on 23 Nov. 2006
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 4525 words Completed: Nov 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Post-conference report and speakers’ biographic notes
Conference "Polish workers mobility: brain drain or a chance for better integration with Europe? New experience and challenge for citizens advice – Polish and Irish perspective.”, held in Warsaw on 23 Nov. 2006
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc., Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 4381 words Completed: Aug 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Summary of cases concerning family law and housing
Short decriptions of problems reported by clients of a Polish NGO (20 family, another 20 - housing), prepared for British experts to be used during a training course conducted by them for this NGO.
Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 5816 words Completed: Jul 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Grant application to EU's PHARE fund
Management
No comment.
Volume: 3327 words Completed: Jul 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Promotional brochure on 10th aniversary of an NGO
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
No comment.
Volume: 2124 words Completed: May 2006 Languages: English to Polish
Slideshow
Management, Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 6953 words Completed: Apr 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
A report on completion of a 5-year project, submitted by a Polish NGO to a US donor institution.
Management
No comment.
Volume: 8903 words Completed: Apr 2006 Languages: English to Polish Polish to English
Materials for a workshop
Slideshows, handouts, agenda, case studies, questionnaires, datasheets, evaluation charts
Government / Politics, Management
No comment.
Volume: 6 days Completed: Apr 2006 Languages: Polish to English English to Polish
Consecutive interpreting and chuchotage during workshops
Three 2-day workshops held in February, March and April 2006 by British experts in Warsaw for advisers from Polish network of Citizen Advice Bureaux, concerning campaigning, public relations, strategic planning, negotiations etc.
Law (general), Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 769 words Completed: Mar 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Seminar evaluation outcomes
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 6697 words Completed: Mar 2006 Languages: English to Polish Polish to English
Materials for a workshop (slideshow, handouts, case studies)
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters, Government / Politics, Management
No comment.
Volume: 2895 words Completed: Feb 2006 Languages: Polish to English English to Polish
Materials for seminar and workshop (slideshows, handouts, agenda, case studies)
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters, Government / Politics, Management
No comment.
Volume: 893 words Completed: Jan 2006 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
Management
No comment.
Volume: 4071 words Completed: May 2005 Languages: English to Polish
Brochure "The Use of SOLVIT within Citizens Advice Organisations"
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc., Human Resources
No comment.
Volume: 47 pages Completed: Apr 2005 Languages: English to Polish
"50 Questions and Answers on the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe"
Original version published by European Citizen Action Service, Brussels, 2005; printing of Polish edition was cancelled following the results of referenda in France and the Netherlands.
International Org/Dev/Coop, Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 3874 words Completed: Apr 2005 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
Management
No comment.
Volume: 5582 words Completed: Mar 2005 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
Management
No comment.
Volume: 4 days Completed: Aug 2004 Languages: English to Polish Polish to English
Consecutive interpreting and chuchotage during workshops
Workshops held within PHARE twinning project "Strengtheninig Anti-Discrimination Policies in Poland" where I was a project assistant. The workshops were held in Polish by Polish tutors, but the Pre-Accession Adviser and foreign experts (who did not speak Polish) had to be aware of the course of sessions and sometimes addressed the participants.
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters, Government / Politics, Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 2 days Completed: Nov 2003 Languages: English to Polish Polish to English
Consecutive interpreting/chuchotage during a study visit to Ireland
A study visit to Ireland within PHARE 2002 twinning project "Strengtheninig Anti-Discrimination Policies in Poland" where I was a project assistant. A few of the participants were afraid that their English was too poor for such a visit, but they were quite important for the project, so I was hired as an interpreter to provide chuchotage during seminars/workshops and consecutive interpretation during discussions and during free time.
Law (general), Government / Politics, General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
No comment.
Volume: 19321 words Completed: Oct 2003 Languages: English to Polish
"Advice Planning" - handbook for citizen advice organizations
Original version published by Federation of Independent Advice Centres.
Management
No comment.
Volume: 5244 words Completed: Aug 2003 Languages: English to Polish
Handbook "Quality Assurance Standards and Membership Agreement"
Management
No comment.
Volume: 14156 words Completed: Mar 2003 Languages: English to Polish
"50 Questions and Answers on the European Citizenship"
Polish translation published by Stefan Batory Foundation, Warsaw, 2003 (ISBN: 83-89406-03-9), available online at: https://www.batory.org.pl/doc/obeuro.pdf
International Org/Dev/Coop, Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 25997 words Completed: Nov 2002 Languages: English to Polish
"Monitoring the EU Accession Process: Judicial Capacity in Poland"
Report published originally as a chapter of a report on 10 EU candidate member states (Open Society Institute, Budapest, 2002).
Polish edition published by Stefan Batory Foundation, Warsaw, 2002 (ISBN: 83-915640-9-6)
Law (general), Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 144 pages Completed: Sep 2002 Languages: English to Polish
"EU Accession Monitoring Programme: Minority Protection. Country Reports"
Polish translation: "Program Monitoringu Akcesji do Unii Europejskiej (UE) : ochrona mniejszości : raporty krajowe - Polska"; Warsaw: Stefan Batory Foundation, 2002, ISBN: 83-918074-2-8
Government / Politics, Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 1441 words Completed: Dec 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Evaluation questionnaire and outcomes of a survey
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 4355 words Completed: Dec 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Conference summary and evaluation outcomes
Conference "Citizen Advice in Poland. Experience, prospects, partners.” held on 16 Nov. 2001 in Warsaw.
Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc., Government / Politics
No comment.
Volume: 4362 words Completed: Nov 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Project report
Polish NGO's project report for a US foundation.
Management
No comment.
Volume: 901 words Completed: Oct 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Abstract from National Court Register
Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 2104 words Completed: Sep 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Articles of association
Law (general)
No comment.
Volume: 1919 words Completed: Sep 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Grant application
Management, Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 3105 words Completed: Sep 2001 Languages:
Polish to English
Grant application
Management, Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
No comment.
Volume: 846 words Completed: Sep 2001 Languages: Polish to English
Financial information (statement of accounts, balance, additional information)
Accounting
No comment.
Volume: 919 words Completed: Sep 2000 Languages: Polish to English
Financial information (statement of accounts, balance, additional information)
Polish to English: Emigracja zarobkowa Polaków do Irlandii. Raport z badań / Economic emigration of Poles to Ireland. Research report General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Source text - Polish W socjologii przyjmuje się, że migracje są wynikiem rachunku zysków i strat jednostek lub konfliktu wartości. Migracje dobrowolne zwykle powodowane są względami ekonomicznymi i łączą się z nadzieją jednostek na poprawę własnej sytuacji materialnej, czy położenia społecznego. Zjawisko to jest wieloaspektowe i powodowane wieloma czynnikami. Niemniej elementem ogniskującym problematykę wyjazdów i przyjazdów do/z Polski jest trudna sytuacja na rodzimym rynku pracy oraz stosunkowo duży popyt na pracowników wykonujących prace nie wymagające wysokich kwalifikacji.
Można zatem wyróżnić trzy główne powody, które leżą u podstaw podjęcia decyzji o opuszczeniu Polski:
• chęć zmniejszenia ryzyka problemów finansowych gospodarstwa domowego (zwłaszcza osoby, które straciły na transformacji systemowej);
• obawa przed wykluczeniem z rynku pracy i chęć utrzymania aktywności zawodowej (zwłaszcza osoby młode, dobrze wykształcone, pozostające bez zatrudnienia lub otrzymujące bardzo niskie wynagrodzenie w związku z wysokim poziomem bezrobocia w kraju);
• chęć kształcenia się (ludzie młodzi, jeszcze w trakcie nauki na uczelniach wyższych, chcący zdobyć doświadczenie, podnieść kompetencje językowe).
Znajduje to również potwierdzenie w wynikach badań przeprowadzonych przez ECAS wśród organizacji świadczących usługi na rzecz emigrantów1. Przedstawiciele tych organizacji, biorąc pod uwagę swoje doświadczenia, wskazują, że podstawowym bodźcem pobudzającym mobilność jest trudna sytuacja ekonomiczna i brak pracy w kraju pochodzenia (62% wskazań). Warto zwrócić uwagę, że w takim przypadku mamy do czynienia z pewnego rodzaju wymuszoną mobilnością, podejmowaną przez ludzi, którzy uznają, iż nie mają innego, czy lepszego wyjścia, jak wyjazd z kraju.
Wobec tego, mówiąc o decyzjach dotyczących podjęcia migracji należy podkreślić, że najczęściej są one starannie skalkulowane. Jak pisaliśmy wcześniej, w decyzji migracyjnej najważniejszą rolę odgrywa ocena własnej sytuacji na rynku pracy i sytuacji ekonomicznej własnego gospodarstwa domowego2. Nie zaskakuje, że również nasi respondenci zwracali przede wszystkim uwagę na kwestie zagrożenia bezrobociem i niewystarczające zarobki. W związku z dużymi problemami na rynku pracy respondenci podkreśli, iż to za granicą będą się czuli bardziej bezpieczni – właśnie ze względu na mniejsze, ich zdaniem, zagrożenie utratą pracy: Lepsze zarobki, większe też poczucie bezpieczeństwa na pewno, że nawet jak stracę pracę, to będę miała większe możliwości wyboru. [9] No wiadomo najbardziej to interesują mnie zarobki, No, po co miałbym tam jechać, gdyby płacili tyle samo co tu. Prawda? A jadę tam, żeby zarobić a nie dla przyjemności. [7]
Pojawiły się także komentarze odwołujące się dodatkowo do sytuacji politycznej w kraju. W tym miejscu daje znać o sobie negatywne nastawienie do elit rządzących, poczucie zawodu:
(...) teraz to każdy chce mieć robotę, a jak nie można jej znaleźć w Polsce, to trzeba szukać gdzieś indziej. Sama pani wie, jaka jest w Polsce sytuacja: i bezrobocie, i ten nowy rząd, i ciężko cokolwiek znaleźć. No, jak tu nie potrzebują ludzi do roboty, to co wszyscy mają siedzieć i co mają biedę klepać? To lepiej chociaż na parę miesięcy wyjechać i cokolwiek zarobić tam zagranicą. [8]
Biorąc po uwagę dane pochodzące z ankiet, nie sposób wątpić w opłacalność wyjazdu do Irlandii. Osoby pracujące w Irlandii, które wypełniły kwestionariusz zarabiają przeciętnie około 1500 euro miesięcznie. W porównaniu z zarobkami w Polsce jest to stawka zdecydowanie wysoka.
Wpływ na decyzje migracyjne ma również wynik porównania sytuacji w kraju pochodzenia z sytuacją w innych miejscach na świecie. We wspomnianych badaniach ECAS zdaniem przedstawicieli organizacji, istotnym czynnikiem sprzyjającym podjęciu decyzji o migracji jest właśnie domniemana przez migrantów lepsza jakość życia „gdzieś indziej” – czyli najczęściej w Unii Europejskiej. Autorzy raportu zwracają uwagę, że u podstaw takich motywacji leżą często pozytywne informacje pochodzące z mass-mediów. Należy podkreślić jednak, że nie zawsze informacje z mediów były odbierane jako pozytywne przez Polaków, z którymi rozmawialiśmy – do tego wątku powrócimy przy okazji omawiania kwestii informacji posiadanych przez Polaków w momencie wyjazdu. Jednakże warto już teraz wspomnieć, że zdecydowanie większy wpływ na naszych respondentów miały pozytywne relacje osób, które były lub są za granicą. Można stwierdzić, że to dobre doświadczenia znajomych stanowią jeden z motywów podjęcia decyzji o wyjeździe:
(...) Nie znam osoby, której by się tam nie powiodło, tak powiem. A znam sporo. Większość znajomych wyjeżdża systematycznie albo już siedzi tam. Z C. też sporo znajomych siedzi właśnie w Irlandii, w Dublinie. Mam brata też w Dublinie no ale wiem, że tam już został, no po prostu tam ludzie już zostają i osiadają. Tutaj przyjeżdżają tylko do rodziny albo na wakacje. Ja też tak planuję, tylko pracować tam, a tutaj można sobie na wakacje przyjechać. To jedyna sprawa, jaką w Polsce można zrobić. [8]
(...) Miała być pół roku w tej chwili już minął rok i jeszcze trochę. Zarabia dobre pieniążki, urządzili się wiec myślę, że mnie też się to uda. [4]
(...) Myślę, że też kilka osób, znajomych, gdzieś tam wyjeżdżało sobie w celach zarobkowo–turystycznych, tak to nazwijmy. Myślę, że ich doświadczenia skłoniły mnie, czemu by nie spróbować. [5]
Z perspektywy badanych organizacji najmniej istotnym bodźcem do wyjazdu okazała się chęć poznania innego kraju i innego języka, chociaż 18% z nich wciąż uznaje motywacje poznawcze za bardzo ważne. Podobne opinie wyrażono na temat bodźców związanych z podnoszeniem swoich kwalifikacji przez emigrantów. Warto zwrócić uwagę, że jest to zupełnie inny motyw do wyjazdu niż brak pracy, czy poczucie zagrożenia ubóstwem. Mogą sobie nań pozwolić przede wszystkim osoby, które nie mają takich obaw. Są to wyjazdy bardziej „z wyboru”, niż „z przymusu”.
Wśród naszych respondentów znalazły się także takie osoby, które chciały podszkolić swoją znajomość języka angielskiego: (...) chciałbym wyjechać, z tego względu, żeby np. poznać, doszlifować sobie język, jakieś ciekawe doświadczenia. Jestem jeszcze młody, więc jakaś też przygoda. [5] Ważną kwestią dla naszych rozmówców, szczególnie osób młodszych planujących wyjazd, okazała się również możliwość spędzenia wolnego czasu w Irlandii. Zwracały one uwagę na fakt, że oprócz pracy w Irlandii chciałyby także rozwijać swoje zainteresowania, miło spędzić czas. Uważają one, że zarówno praca zawodowa, jak i wolny czas są do pogodzenia w Irlandii i że pracując będą mogły także znaleźć czas na rozrywkę. Przy okazji rozmów o decyzjach wyjazdu, pytaliśmy naszych respondentów o to, dlaczego wybrali Irlandię. Otóż chęć podszkolenia znajomości języka była jednym z powodów wyboru właśnie Irlandii przez respondentów: (...) planowałam pojechać do Irlandii albo do Anglii do jakiegoś właśnie z krajów anglojęzycznych, dlatego że chciałam poprawić swój angielski. [1]. Innym istotnym powodem wyboru Irlandii były po prostu kontakty, znajomości akurat w tym, a nie innym kraju: (...) jak się kogoś ma za granicą to zawsze łatwiej człowiekowi a to, że to akurat Irlandia to tak wyszło. Gdyby pracował (brat respondenta – przyp. aut.) gdzieś indziej i gdyby zadzwonił do mnie to pewnie i tam bym pojechał. [7].
Warto wspomnieć w tym miejscu o ciekawym zjawisku zauważonym przez badaczy migracji. Otóż stwierdzają oni istnienie tzw. „ponadnarodowej przestrzeni społecznej”, a udział w niej określają, jako co najmniej sprzyjający podjęciu decyzji o wyjeździe. „Posiadanie sieci kontaktów czy powiązań z migrantami z kraju i za granicą (migration network) stało się niezbędnym warunkiem zainicjowania mobilności”3. A zatem do rzadkości należy sytuacja, kiedy decyzję o wyjeździe podejmuje osoba nie mająca kontaktów z innymi migrantami. Można mówić o charakterystycznym kapitale społecznym4 specyfikującym osoby mające zamiar wyjechać lub te, które już wyjechały.
Migranci funkcjonują w określonej przestrzeni społecznej, której cechy determinują kształt i skalę mobilności. Nasilaniu i poszerzaniu się takich więzi sprzyja czasowy charakter mobilności. Migranci funkcjonują w dwóch środowiskach – często przemieszczając się z jednego do drugiego, np. wszelkie wolne od pracy dni starają się spędzać w Polsce. Sprzyja to utrzymywaniu stałych kontaktów ze społecznością z miejscowości pochodzenia. Ciągły ruch jest także podstawą rozwoju infrastruktury transportowej. Natomiast w krajach goszczących pracowników rozwija się sfera instytucji i usług skierowanych do środowisk polonijnych, jak np. sklepy, czy pomoc domowa i opieka medyczna5. Sieć kontaktów pełni, naszym zdaniem, niezwykle istotne funkcje, o których piszemy w dalszej części raportu.
O motywy podjęcia decyzji pytaliśmy za pośrednictwem ankiet również respondentów w Irlandii. Wyniki analizy ich odpowiedzi są dobrym uzupełnieniem danych z wywiadów. Zatem, na decyzję o wyjeździe wpłynęła przede wszystkim sytuacja materialna respondentów (26 wskazań). Istotne znaczenie odegrał także podobny wyjazd znajomych, bądź krewnych (14 wskazań). Następnie respondenci wskazali, że po prostu zyskali lepszą ofertę pracy w Irlandii (9 osób) oraz że nie mogli znaleźć pracy w Polsce (6 osób). Jako dodatkowe przyczyny pojawiły się również: złe stosunki w pracy, traktowanie pracowników w Polsce, możliwość lepszego rozwoju swoich kwalifikacji zawodowych oraz znajomości języka angielskiego, sytuacja polityczna w Polsce.
Podsumowując, należy podkreślić, że w rzeczywistości trudno rozdzielić motywacje sprzyjające decyzjom o wyjeździe. Każdy z migrantów dokonuje własnych kalkulacji i bierze pod uwagę nie jeden, lecz wiele czynników. Jednym z wyjaśnień względnej popularności wyjazdów zarobkowych może być zapewne poczucie relatywnej deprywacji. Deprywacja odnosi się do zablokowania możliwości zaspokajania jakichś kategorii potrzeb. Natomiast poczucie relatywnej deprywacji wywoływane jest przez porównanie z jakimś punktem odniesienia. Gdy z porównania takiego wynika, że w ocenie jednostki nie otrzymuje ona tego, co jej się słusznie należy, czuje się ona upośledzona. Jest to zatem subiektywne poczucie niedostatku6. Migranci, w wyniku porównania swojej sytuacji do sytuacji osób o podobnych kwalifikacjach w krajach takich, jak Irlandia, czują się wobec tego niedowartościowani. Kiedy poczucie takie staje się nie do wytrzymania oraz pojawiają się sprzyjające wyjazdowi warunki, decyzja o podjęciu emigracji jest ułatwiona.
Translation - English In sociology, it is assumed that migration are a result of individuals' profit and loss accounts or of conflicts of values. Voluntary migrations are usually caused by economic considerations and are combined with individuals' hopes for improvement of their financial condition or social position. This phenomenon has many aspects and is caused by many factors; however, the central element of the issue of migrations from/to Poland is a difficult situation on Polish labour market and relatively high demand for people doing works which do not require high qualifications.
Therefore, three main reasons of leaving Poland can be distinguished:
• intention to reduce the risk of financial difficulties of a household (especially by persons who did not advantage on transformation of the economic system);
• anxiety of being excluded from the labour market and willingness to sustain professional activity (especially by young and well-educated persons who were unemployed or earned very little due to high level of unemployment in Poland);
• intention to educate (young people, still in the course of university studies, willing to gain experience or improve language skills).
This is supported also by outcomes of a survey conducted by ECAS among organisations working with emigrants1. Representatives of those organisations, having in mind their experiences, say that the major motive stimulating mobility is a difficult economic situation and unemployment in countries of origin (62%). It is worth stressing that in such cases there is a kind of forced mobility shown by people who see no better way than leaving their country.
Therefore, when speaking of decisions on migration, it should be stressed that they are thoroughly thought-out. As we wrote before, in a decision on migrating it's the assessment of one's position on the labour market and financial condition of one's household that plays the most important role2. It's not surprising that also our respondents paid attention primarily to the issues of unemployment and low wages. In connection with big problems on the labour market the respondents stressed that it's abroad where they would feel safer – due to smaller, in their opinion, risk of losing a job:
Better wages, surely greater feeling of safety – even if I lose a job, I'll have more chances to choose [something else] [9]
Of course, I'm mostly interested in earnings. Why should I go there if they paid the same as here, isn't it true? I'm going there to earn money, not for pleasure. [7]
Also negative comments referring, in addition, to the political situation in the country. It's also negative attitude to the governing elites and a feeling of disappointment that make themselves felt here:
(...) now everyone wants to have a job, and if you can't find it here, you gotta look for it somewhere else. You know by yourself what the situation in Poland is: unemployment, and this new government, and it's hard to find anything. When they don't need people for work, should everybody sit down and live from hand to mouth? It's better to go away even for a few moths and earn anything there abroad. [8]
Taking into account the data from the questionnaires, a trip to Ireland is undoubtedly profitable. Persons working in Ireland who filled in the questionnaire earn on average ca. 1500 euro monthly. Compared to earnings in Poland, such a wage is definitely high.
Decisions on migrating are affected also by comparison of situation in the country of origin with situation in other places in the world. In the above mentioned survey by ECAS, according to representatives of organisations mentioned there, an important factor is exactly the better quality of life “somewhere else” (i.e. most commonly in EU countries) assumed by the migrants. Authors of the report stress that such motivations are often underlain by positive information in the media. However, it should be stressed that information from the media were not always perceived as positive by Poles we spoke to; we will return to it when discussing the issue of information Poles have at the time of departure, but its already worth mentioning that our respondents were influenced to much greater extent by positive opinions of persons who had already been or were abroad. It can be said that it's good experiences of friends are one of motives of decision on making the trip:
(...) I don't know anybody who wasn't successful there, so I'll say. And I know many people. Most of my friends go there on a regular basis or live there. Also many people from C. live in Ireland – in Dublin. My brother is in Dublin too, I know he just stayed there, people just stay there and settle down. They come here only to visit their family or for holiday. I'm going to do the same – work there, and you can come here for holidays. That's the only thing you can do in Poland. [8]
(...) She was supposed to go there for half a year, now over a year has already gone by. She earns good money, they've been successful, so I think I'll succeed, too. [4]
(...) I think some people, my friends, travelled somewhere for economic-tourist purposes, so to say. I think their experiences have induced me, why shouldn't I try. [5]
From the point of view of the surveyed organisations, the least important motive to making a trip was willingness to see a different country and learn a language, although 18 per cent considers the motive of knowledge very important. Similar opinions have been expressed about motives of improvement of emigrants' qualifications. It should be noticed that it's totally different motive to travel than unemployment or feeling of a risk of poverty. Such trips can be afforded by persons who do not have such anxieties; these are trips “out of choice” rather than “out of necessity”.
Among our respondents there were also persons who wanted to improve their command of English: (...) I'd like to make the trip, to e.g. see something, brush up on the language, some interesting experiences. I'm still young, so it's also an adventure of some kind. [5] An important issue for our respondents, especially the younger ones, was also possibility to spend free time in Ireland. They mentioned that apart from working in Ireland they would like to cultivate their interests, and enjoy themselves. They say it's possible to reconcile work and spare time in Ireland and they will be able to find time for entertainment also when being employed. When doing the interviews we asked our respondents why they had chosen Ireland – one of the reasons was willingness to improve the command of English: (...) I planned to go to Ireland or to England – anyway, to an English-speaking country – in order to improve my command of English [1]. Another important reason of choosing Ireland were personal contacts in just there and not somewhere else: (...) It's always easier when you have somebody abroad, and why Ireland - it just happened to be Ireland... If he [respondent's brother] worked somewhere else and if he called me, probably I'd go there, too. [7].
An interesting phenomenon, noticed by researchers of migrations, is worth mentioning here: it's been found that there is a „trans-national social space”, and participation in it is described as at least supporting a decision on making a trip. „Having a network of contacts or connections in the country and abroad (migration network) became an indispensable condition to initiate mobility.”3. Therefore, a situation when a decision on emigration is made by a person who doesn't have contacts with other migrants is a rarity. It's possible to speak about a peculiar social capital4 peculiar for persons going to leave or those who have already left.
Migrants function within a defined social space features of which determine the shape and scale of the mobility. Temporary nature of the mobility supports increasing and widening of these ties. Migrants function in two environments, often moving between them, e.g. they try to spend all holidays in Poland. It favours maintaining contacts with the community in the place of origin. A continuous movement is also a ground for development of transport infrastructure, whereas in countries which host the workers there is a development of sphere of institutions and services directed to Polish circles, e.g. shops, household assistance and medical care5. In our opinion, the network of contacts performs, very important functions mentioned further in the report.
We have asked also respondents in Ireland – through questionnaires – about their motives. The outcomes of analysis of their answers are a good supplementation of data from the interviews. And so: decision on making a trip was influenced primarily by respondents' financial condition (26 answers). Important role was played also by similar trips made by friends or relatives (14 answers). In next places were: getting a job offer from Ireland (9 answers) and inability to find a job in Poland (6 answers). Additional reasons were: bad relations in the workplace, the manner of treatment of workers in Poland, chances of better development of professional qualifications and of command of English, and political situation in Poland.
To sum the issue up, it should be stressed that in the reality it is difficult to separate the motives of the journey from each other. Each of migrants makes his/her own calculations and takes not one, but many factors into account. One of explanations of relatively high popularity of economic migrations may be probably a feeling of relative deprivation. Deprivation as such refers to impossibility of satisfying needs of some kind; the feeling of relative deprivation is induced by comparison with some point of reference. When, as a result of such a comparison, an individual feels s/he is not receiving to what s/he deserves, s/he feels impaired. Therefore, it is a subjective feeling of deficiency6. The migrants, when comparing their situation to one of persons with similar qualifications in Ireland, feel undervalued. When such a feeling becomes unbearable, and there are favourable conditions for making the trip, a decision on emigration becomes easier.
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Years of experience: 23. Registered at ProZ.com: May 2008. Became a member: Feb 2023.
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My adventure with English started in 1984, when I was in 4th grade of elementary school - my late mother, who was a teacher of geography and English, said it was high time for me to start learning English. In those rotten times of Poland being USSR's satellite, English was mandatory only in 7th and 8th grades (Russian - from 5th to 8th grade) so she had to send me to attend a privately held course, and of course had to pay for it, although our family often struggled to make ends meet. As time has shown, it was one of her best decisions on me. Thank you, Mum :)
I made my first serious translation at the age of 18 for my mother's colleague. I still remember it very well - it was several pages from a book on the history of ancient Egypt. I was not entirely satisfied with the outcome, but to my surprise the client praised its quality :)
I have graduated in law (1999) and in philosophy (2003) and I am experienced with translations chiefly in the fields of law, social sciences, political sciences and humanities. I also have some experience as a teacher and a private tutor of English. Since 2014, I have been an attorney-at-law, but I did not give up translations and after a few years language services are becoming my main activity again.
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