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English to Spanish: From "The Research Process in Nursing"
Source text - English 14
Ethnography
Immy Holloway and Les Todres
Key points
• Ethnography is concerned with the study of a culture or subculture. Large-¬scale macro-ethnographies examine a large culture with its institutions, com¬munities and value systems. Small-scale micro-ethnographies investigate a single social setting such as a ward or small group of staff.
• Data collection involves immersion in the setting by means of participant observation and interviews with key informants.
• The researcher seeks to uncover the emir or insider view of the members of the particular culture being studied.
• 'Thick' description is used to provide a detailed account that makes explicit the patterns of cultural and social relationships and puts them into context.
Introduction
Ethnography is distinct from other qualitative research approaches in that it focuses on culture. It can be seen as a process that includes the methods and strategies of research - and a product, which is the written story as the outcome of the research. Researchers 'do' ethnography; they study a culture by observing cultural members' behaviours and ask questions about their actions, interactions, experience and feelings. They also write 'an ethnography', a narrative account in which they give a portrayal of the culture they study. Ethnography is both, 'doing science' and 'telling stories'.
Hammersley (1998) suggests that the term 'ethnography' is ambiguous, lacks clear definition and is sometimes used as synonymous with 'qualitative research'. This chapter adopts the original meaning of the term: an approach within anthro¬pological traditions that can also be applied to our own society. The term 'ethnog¬raphy' means 'writing culture' or 'writing people' and comes from the Greek language. Thus the major traits of ethnography have their basis in the first-hand experience of the researcher in the group or community that is being studied (Atkinson et al 2001). Ethnographers may utilise both qualitative and quantitative procedures. In this chapter only qualitative strategies will be discussed as these are most commonly used (Tedlock 2000).
Ethnography is probably the oldest of the research approaches, as even in ancient times travellers to a country other than their OWI1, studied and described foreign places and cultures and wrote about their experiences. lt was particularly popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the approach became more systematic in the writing of anthropologists such as Malinowski (1922) and Boas (1928). They gave detailed descriptions of the cultures in which they immersed themselves for many years. Initially anthropologists explored only foreign cultures, often adopting a colonialist and ethnocentric stance. Today anthropologists are less ethnocentric, that is, they are less inclined to view other groups from their own (western) perspective.
The Chicago School of Sociology from 1917 to the early 1940s also influenced later ethnographic methods because its members examined marginal cultures such as ghettos, urban gangs and slums of the city. Researchers subsequently explored their own cultures researching that with which they were already famil¬iar. These studies were carried out by members of many disciplines apart from anthropology, for example, by sociologists, educationists and also nurses. Janice Morse, the best-known nurse anthropologist and author of qualitative research texts, has discussed this approach in nursing for two decades (Morse 1994; Morse
Translation - Spanish 14
Etnografía
Immy Holloway y Les Todres
Puntos clave
• La etnografía se ocupa del estudio de una cultura o subcultura. Las macroetnografías examinan una cultura amplia, con sus instituciones, comunidades y sistemas de valores. Por el contrario, las microetnografías investigan un entorno social aislado, como pueden ser la planta de un hospital o un pequeño grupo de personal.
• La recogida de datos implica la inmersión en el entorno mediante la observación participante y las entrevistas con los informantes clave.
• El investigador busca descubrir la visión émica o que desde dentro tienen los miembros de una determinada cultura en estudio.
• La descripción «compactada» se emplea para proporcionar un informe detallado que explicita las características de las relaciones sociales y culturales y las ubica dentro de un contexto.
Introducción
La etnografía se diferencia de otros enfoques cualitativos de investigación en el hecho de que centra su atención en la cultura. Puede entenderse como un procedimiento, que engloba los métodos y las estrategias de investigación, o como un producto, que es el relato escrito como resultado del trabajo. Los investigadores «hacen» etnografía, estudian una cultura observando la conducta de sus miembros y formulando preguntas sobre sus actos, interacciones, experiencias y opiniones; pero además escriben «etnografías», narraciones en las que interpretan la información recogida sobre la cultura que estudian. Así pues, la etnografía es tanto «hacer ciencia» como «contar historias».
Hammserley (1998) opina que el término «etnografía» es ambiguo, carece de una definición clara y algunas veces se emplea como sinónimo de «investigación cualitativa». Este capítulo adopta el significado original del término: un enfoque dentro de la tradición antropológica que puede aplicarse incluso a nuestra propia sociedad. El término «etnografía» deriva del griego y significa «descripción de las culturas» o «descripción de los pueblos», y los rasgos más importantes de este enfoque, por consiguiente, se basan en la experiencia directa del investigador dentro del grupo o la comunidad en estudio (Atkinson et al. 2001). Los etnógrafos pueden aplicar tanto métodos cualitativos como cuantitativos, aunque en este capítulo se tratarán solo las estrategias cualitativas por ser éstas las más utilizadas. (Tedlock, 2000).
Es probable que la etnografía sea el enfoque de investigación más antiguo, puesto que incluso en tiempos remotos quienes viajaban al extranjero estudiaban y describían las culturas y los lugares desconocidos y escribían sobre sus experiencias. Esta costumbre estuvo especialmente extendida durante el siglo XIX y a comienzos del siglo XX, cuando el método se sistematizó en la obra de antropólogos como Malinowski (1922) y Boas (1928), quienes describieron de forma detallada las culturas en las que se sumergieron durante muchos años. Al principio, los antropólogos exploraron únicamente culturas extranjeras, a menudo adoptando una postura colonialista y etnocéntrica. Sin embargo, en la actualidad esta tendencia ha disminuido y los antropólogos muestran menos inclinación a analizar a otros grupos desde su propia perspectiva, generalmente occidental.
Desde 1917 hasta el comienzo de la década del cuarenta, la Chicago School of Sociology tuvo influencia sobre estos métodos etnográficos debido a que fueron sus miembros quienes investigaron comunidades marginales como los guetos, las bandas o los barrios bajos de la ciudad. Más tarde, los investigadores exploraron sus propias culturas, aquéllo con lo que ya estaban familiarizados. Especialistas en muchas disciplinas, además de la antropología, por ejemplo: sociólogos, educadores y también profesionales de enfermería, llevaron a cabo este tipo de estudios. Janice Morse, reconocida enfermera antropóloga y autora de textos de investigación cualitativa, ha llevado a debate esta metodología en el campo de la enfermería durante dos décadas (Morse, 1994; Morse
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Translation education
Universitat Jaume I de Castelló de la Plana (Spain)
Experience
Years of experience: 35. Registered at ProZ.com: May 2009.
English to Spanish (Argentina: Colegio de Traductores de la Provincia ) English to Spanish (Universitat Jaume I, Facultat de Ciències Humanes i Socials, Departament de Traducció i Comunicació) English to Spanish (Instituto Nacional de Enseñanza Superior, verified) English to Spanish (Instituto Nacional Olga Cossettini, verified)
Memberships
TREMÉDICA, Colegio de Traductores de la Provincia de Santa Fe 2º Circ.
Software
Across, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, SDLX, STAR Transit, Trados Studio, Wordfast
MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TRANSLATIONSFROM MOST TO LEAST SPECIALIZED MEDICAL GENRES
Research studies, clinical trials, case reports, medical records, informed consents, drug data sheet/summary of product characteristics, package inserts, medical literature, health care and pharmaceutical books, manuals, brochures, articles, advertising material, corporate communication and press releases.
I graduated in 1989 in Literary, Technical and Scientific Translation from English to Spanish from Instituto Olga Cosettini, Rosario, Argentina. In 2007 I specialized in Medical Translation from Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain. At present, I am a member of Colegio de Traductores de la Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina, and of TREMÉDICA, Asociación Internacional de Traductores y Redactores de Medicina y Ciencias Afines, New York based. During the time I lived in Spain, I was a member of TRIAC, Traductores e Intérpretes Asociados pro Colegio, in Barcelona.
My last works in medical translations are informed consents and the collaboration in the translation of the book "The Research Process in Nursing" by Kate Gerrish and Anne Lacey, published by McGraw Hill Interamericana de España.
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Keywords: medical translator, research studies, clinical trials, case reports, medical records, informed consents, drug data sheet, summary of product characteristics, package inserts, medical literature. See more.medical translator, research studies, clinical trials, case reports, medical records, informed consents, drug data sheet, summary of product characteristics, package inserts, medical literature, health care, books, manuals, brochures, articles, advertising material, corporate communication, press releases, medication, medicine, laboratories, medical translation, pharmaceutical translation, investigational drugs.. See less.
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