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German to English: Wind Power General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Energy / Power Generation
Source text - German Windenergie
Die Idee der guten alten Windmühle erlebt in den modernen Windenergieanlagen ein Comeback. Der Wind und die Gesetze der Physik sind seither die gleichen geblieben, die Fortschritte wurden in der Anlagentechnik erzielt.
ÜBERBLICK
In Europa wurden die ersten Windmühlen (Bockwindmühlen) im 12. Jahrhundert errichtet, bei denen sich das Mühlhaus um einen senkrechten Mittelbalken nach dem Wind ausrichten lässt. Die technologische Weiterentwicklung fand in den Niederlanden mit der „Holländerwindmühle“ im 15. Jahrhundert statt. Bei dieser ist nur noch die Turmkappe mit den Flügeln drehbar. Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts waren in Deutschland ca. 20.000 Windmühlen in Betrieb; im Jahr 2002 liefen zum Vergleich 13.759 moderne Windenergieanlagen.
Für die Niederlande waren die ca. 9.000 Windmühlen im 17./18. Jahrhundert „Motor“ des Wirtschaftsaufschwungs. Sie wurden auch zur Bodenentwässerung, in Sägefabriken und in Hammerwerken eingesetzt. Die erste industrielle Massenfertigung von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) erfolgte in den USA: Von 1860 bis 1930 wurden ca. 6 Mio. WEA („Westernräder“) für Grundwasserpumpen verkauft. Weltweit begann der Niedergang der mechanischen Windenergienutzung mit der Dampfmaschine, der Konkurrenz des billigen Dieselöls und der Elektrifizierung des ländlichen Raumes.
Die moderne Windenergienutzung - Ziel war die Versorgung strukturschwacher ländlicher Regionen mit Gleichstrom - begann 1891 in Dänemark. Geschützt durch die hohen Energiepreise während des 1. Weltkrieges waren bis 1918 etwa 120 Anlagen (Leistung jeweils 10 - 35 kW) in Betrieb.
Die Windenergieforschung wurde in den 1920er Jahren in Dänemark, der UdSSR und Deutschland fortgesetzt; in den USA ging 1941 die erste Großanlage (1.250 kW) in die netzgebundene Stromerzeugung. Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg sanken die Energiepreise und das Interesse an der Windenergie. Versuchsanlagen wurden in Frankreich, Großbritannien, Dänemark und Deutschland errichtet. Von 1958 - 1968 war auf der schwäbischen Alb eine 100 kW-Anlage in Betrieb, die bereits über aerodynamische Rotorblätter aus Glasfaserverbundmaterial und eine Pendelnabe verfügte.
Infolge der beiden Ölpreiskrisen und des wachsenden Umweltbewusstseins begann ab 1975 international das Comeback der Windenergie. Gefördert durch eine günstige Steuergesetzgebung wurden in den USA (besonders in Californien, Texas) von 1980 bis 2002 WEA mit einer Nennleistung von 4.685 MW errichtet. Besonders zu Anfang waren viele dieser Anlagen Importe von dänischen Herstellern. Durch diese Exporte und eine stabile Binnennachfrage infolge günstiger Einspeisetarife entwickelte sich die dänische Windindustrie rasch.
In Deutschland wurden von 1974 - 2001 ca. 320 Mio. EUR allein auf Bundesebene in die Forschung investiert; besonders durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz vom 1.4.2000 wurde die Nutzung der Windenergie in Deutschland deutlich beflügelt. Mittlerweile nimmt Deutschland bei der Windenergie bezogen auf die installierte Leistung (2002: 12.000 MW) international den ersten Platz ein. Ende 2002 liefen weltweit Anlagen mit einer Gesamtleistung von ca. 31.000 MW.
Translation - English Wind Power
The time-old idea of the windmill is experiencing a comeback in the form of the modern wind turbine. The wind and the laws of physics are still the same but the technology has moved on.
OVERVIEW
The first windmills were built in Europe in the 12th century. These ‘post mills’ were turned around a central vertical post to face into the wind. The 15th century saw the development of the ‘tower mill’ in the Netherlands. In the case of this mill, only the cap at the top with the sails could be turned. By the middle of the 19th century there were around 20,000 working windmills in Germany. This is compared to the 13,759 modern wind turbines in use in 2002.
In the Netherlands, around 9000 windmills provided the ‘driving force’ behind the country’s economic upturn in the 17th and 18th centuries. In addition to grinding grain they were used for draining land and provided the power for sawmills and hammer mills. Wind turbines were first mass-produced in the USA. Between 1860 and 1930 around six million American multiblade wind turbines were sold for pumping groundwater. The mechanical use of wind power began to decline around the world with the arrival of the steam engine, the electrification of rural areas and through competition with cheap diesel oil.
Wind power first began to be used in the modern sense in Denmark in 1891 where it was used to supply direct current to rural areas with inadequate infrastructure. Wind power continued to be used during the First World War due to the high energy prices and by 1918 there were 120 turbines in operation, each producing 10 kW – 35 kW.
In the 1920s wind power research continued in Denmark, the USSR and Germany. In the USA the first large turbine (1250 kW) started producing electricity for the grid in 1941. After the Second World War energy prices dropped and with it the interest in wind power. Experimental wind turbines were built in France, UK, Denmark and Germany. One of these was in operation in Germany’s Swabian Mountains from 1958 to 1968. This 100 kW turbine already boasted aerodynamic, glass fibre-composite rotor blades that were attached to a self-correcting (teetering) hub.
As a result of two sharp increases in oil prices and growing environmental awareness, wind power began to make a global comeback from 1975 onwards. From 1980 to 2002 wind turbines were built in California and Texas, encouraged by tax breaks. These had a rating of 4685 MW. To start with, many of these turbines were imported from Danish manufacturers. The Danish wind industry developed rapidly due to these exports and also due to a steady domestic demand resulting from favourable feed-in tariffs.
In Germany, around 320 million euros were invested in research by central government alone from 1974 to 2001. The use of wind power in Germany has clearly been encouraged by the German Renewable Energy Law of 1/4/2000 which requires grid operators to purchase renewably generated electricity at set rates. Since then Germany has become the world leader in wind power in terms of power capacity, producing 12,000 MW in 2002. By the end of the same year global energy production from wind turbines totalled around 31,000 MW.
English: UK gears up for hydrogen heating General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Energy / Power Generation
Source text - English Article authored in English on hydrogen heating and published in trade journal H2-international [extract]:
In June 2019, mere weeks before stepping down as British prime minister, Theresa May committed the United Kingdom to an ambitious new target of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The amendment to the Climate Change Act made the UK the first G7 nation to enshrine net-zero emissions in law. This toughened stance has resulted in carbon dioxide reduction becoming a more pressing issue than ever.
Providing heat to domestic and commercial properties currently accounts for a third of the country’s carbon footprint. And with more than 80% of homes using natural gas for heating, hydrogen is now receiving considerable attention as an alternative energy carrier. Yet few in the gas industry have a full understanding of its properties.
Seeking to address this knowledge gap, members of the UK’s gas industry gathered at the Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM) near Derby on October 1, 2019 for an in-depth training session on “Hydrogen and the Natural Gas Network.” The course was delivered by Mark Crowther and Paul McLaughlin of Kiwa Gastec, a leading testing and certification body. The company has been involved in multiple studies investigating the potential conversion of the UK’s domestic gas supply to hydrogen, including the H21 Leeds City Gate project (see H2-international issue Jul. 2018).
Safety was high on the agenda and the course facilitators were able to use their expertise to drill down into the detail of hydrogen’s combustion characteristics and potential hazards. The possible problem of leakage was also raised. Attendees learned that although hydrogen is 76% of the diameter of methane, any pipe that is completely tight with natural gas will also be tight with hydrogen. Reassurance was given that polyethylene (PE) piping can be repurposed for the transportation of hydrogen. Good news for the country’s 176,000 miles (284,000 kilometers) of gas mains.
The UK’s low and medium pressure gas distribution network is currently being upgraded so that by 2032 all cast iron gas mains will be replaced with PE, making the existing infrastructure substantially hydrogen ready. Transmission of hydrogen at high pressures would, however, necessitate a new, dedicated hydrogen pipeline due to the propensity for hydrogen embrittlement in high strength steels.
Read more in H2-international April 2020
Author:
Nicola Bottrell Hayward
Language Launchpad translation service, Bristol, United Kingdom
Translation - English Article authored in English on hydrogen heating and published in trade journal H2-international [extract]:
In June 2019, mere weeks before stepping down as British prime minister, Theresa May committed the United Kingdom to an ambitious new target of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The amendment to the Climate Change Act made the UK the first G7 nation to enshrine net-zero emissions in law. This toughened stance has resulted in carbon dioxide reduction becoming a more pressing issue than ever.
Providing heat to domestic and commercial properties currently accounts for a third of the country’s carbon footprint. And with more than 80% of homes using natural gas for heating, hydrogen is now receiving considerable attention as an alternative energy carrier. Yet few in the gas industry have a full understanding of its properties.
Seeking to address this knowledge gap, members of the UK’s gas industry gathered at the Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM) near Derby on October 1, 2019 for an in-depth training session on “Hydrogen and the Natural Gas Network.” The course was delivered by Mark Crowther and Paul McLaughlin of Kiwa Gastec, a leading testing and certification body. The company has been involved in multiple studies investigating the potential conversion of the UK’s domestic gas supply to hydrogen, including the H21 Leeds City Gate project (see H2-international issue Jul. 2018).
Safety was high on the agenda and the course facilitators were able to use their expertise to drill down into the detail of hydrogen’s combustion characteristics and potential hazards. The possible problem of leakage was also raised. Attendees learned that although hydrogen is 76% of the diameter of methane, any pipe that is completely tight with natural gas will also be tight with hydrogen. Reassurance was given that polyethylene (PE) piping can be repurposed for the transportation of hydrogen. Good news for the country’s 176,000 miles (284,000 kilometers) of gas mains.
The UK’s low and medium pressure gas distribution network is currently being upgraded so that by 2032 all cast iron gas mains will be replaced with PE, making the existing infrastructure substantially hydrogen ready. Transmission of hydrogen at high pressures would, however, necessitate a new, dedicated hydrogen pipeline due to the propensity for hydrogen embrittlement in high strength steels.
Read more in H2-international April 2020
Author:
Nicola Bottrell Hayward
Language Launchpad translation service, Bristol, United Kingdom
German to English (University of Surrey, verified) French to English (University of Surrey, verified) French to English (U Nottingham, verified) German to English (U Nottingham, verified) English (University of Surrey)
• Former staff translator and project manager with over 10 years of experience in the industry
• Qualified Member of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting (MITI)
• Native English speaker • Use of UK or US English spellings and terms depending on
client preferences
• Translation of technical and marketing texts • Hydrogen, smart homes and renewables
A seasoned language professional, I have worked in the translation industry as a project manager, freelancer, in-house translator and proofreader for over a decade. This experience is backed up by a Masters in Translation, demonstrating sound knowledge of my German and French source languages and deftness as a writer in my English mother tongue.
While I love being creative with words, I’m also skilled at quickly understanding new and complex technologies. This is why I am often chosen by clients for both their technical and marketing needs, ensuring a consistent approach and high level of technical accuracy in all their product literature.
I have a special interest in hydrogen technology and fuel cells and have received certified training on hydrogen and the natural gas network from the Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers. I have also authored an article on hydrogen heating in the UK which was published in trade journal H2-international. Added to that, I can boast a strong background in smart homes, renewables and heating systems, having previously provided support to these sectors as an in-house linguist. I have also benefited from industrial training on gas boilers, heat pumps and biomass at the Viessmann Training Academy in Telford.
To keep up to date with the latest developments I regularly read translation journals and trade publications such as HZwei (German magazine for hydrogen and fuel cells), Installer (plumbing, heating systems, renewables) and The Engineer (engineering innovations).
I’m deeply committed to maintaining superior translation standards, hence I am an Affiliate member of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting and carry professional indemnity insurance. I work for high-end translation agencies and direct clients and can cooperate with a network of colleagues to provide publication-ready texts if required.
So if you are looking for a trusted translator who brings precision to technical docs and punch to PR, please do drop me a line. I very much look forward to hearing from you.
Specialisms
I have previous experience in all these areas:
Hydrogen and fuel cells: hydrogen economy,
hydrogen CHP plant, articles for international trade journal; also translator
and copywriter for hydrogen marketing company, author of magazine articles on
hydrogen heating and machinery for international magazine
Smart homes: security systems, intelligent controls, motion detectors, smoke alarms, eco homes Renewables: wind turbines, solar power, solar heating, biomass Heating systems: gas boilers, oil boilers, pellet fuel, biogas, stoves, underfloor heating, plumbing, air conditioning, energy storage, ground source heat pumps, air source heat pumps Environment: ecology reports, recycling Other engineering/technology: machine tools, consumer electronics, catering equipment, packaging machines, postal logistics, tiles, designer lighting Marketing and advertising: brochures, press releases, trade fair material, websites Commercial: business correspondence
Membership
Qualified Member of the Institute of Translation and Interpreting (MITI)
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