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Spanish/Portuguese (BR) into English Sports and Scientific Translator
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Freelance translator and/or interpreter, Verified site user
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Spanish to English: The four-stroke cycle in car engines. General field: Science
Source text - Spanish En los motores de los coches, el movimiento se transmite a través de un pistón que forma parte de un cilindro dentro del cual se quema la gasolina. El proceso transcurre en cuatro tiempes: admisión (en el que entra en el pistón una mezcla gaseosa de aire y gasolina), compresión (el pistón baja y comprime la mezcla de aire y gasolina), explosión (el oxígeno del aire reacciona con la gasolina mediante una chispa y da lugar a una expansión controlada que hace que el pistón suba) y escape (salida de los gases de combustión del cilindro).
El hecho de que la expansión sea controlada es fundamental, ya que permite una combustión homogénea, y evita que se deteriore el motor. El fenómeno contrario es la detonación, es decir una expansión muy brusca y descontrolada. En este sentido, es importante que la gasolina tenga un poder antidetonante adecuado.
Para medir el poder antidetonante se utiliza el llamado índice de octanos. Este índice indica la capacidad antidetonante de una gasolina comparando dicha propiedad con la de una mezcla de isooctano (C8H18 muy ramificado, al que se asigna un poder antidetonante de 100) y heptano (C7H16, cuya capacidad antidetonante asignada es 0). Así una gasolina de 95 octanos tiene el mismo poder antidetonante que una mezcla del 95% de isooctano y 5% de heptano.
Translation - English In car engines, motion is transmitted through a piston that moves within a cylinder in which petrol is burned. This process happens in a four-stroke cycle:
1. Intake - a mixture of air and petrol enters the cylinder through the inlet valve, pushing the piston down.
2. Compression - both inlet and exhaust valves closed, the piston moves back up to compress the air/petrol mixture.
3. Combustion - compressed air/petrol mixture is ignited by a spark plug. The pressure from this controlled explosion forces the piston back down.
4. Exhaust - piston moves back up while the exhaust valve is open, releasing the spent air/petrol mixture through the exhaust.
A controlled explosion is fundamental, as it allows homogeneous combustion and prevents damage to the engine. The opposite happens in detonation, the explosion is more powerful and unstable. As a result, it is important for petrol to have a sufficiently powerful agent to inhibit detonation.
To measure the antiknock properties of a fuel, the octane rating system is used. This rating indicates the capacity of petrol to inhibit detonation, comparing this capability with that of the mixture of isooctane, a highly branched octane with a rating of 100, and heptane, which has a rating of 0. This means that petrol with the same antiknock characteristics as that of a mixture of 95% isooctane and 5% heptane would have an octane rating of 95.
Spanish to English: Classification criteria for nuclear waste General field: Science
Source text - Spanish Criterios de clasificación de los residuos radiactivos
Hay una amplia gama de residuos radiactivos no existiendo una clasificación universalmente aceptada de los mismos.
Algunos de los criterios más importantes que pueden servir de base para el establecimiento de clasificaciones de residuos son: el estado físico, el tipo de radiación emitida, el período de semidesintegración, la actividad específica y la radiotoxicidad.
Estado físico
Por su estado físico los residuos se clasifican en sólidos, líquidos o gaseosos.
Tipo de radiación emitida
Los radionucleidos contenidos en los residuos radiactivos pueden desintegrarse de diferentes formas, dando lugar a la emisión de diversas partículas o rayos. Desde este punto de vista, los residuos radiactivos se clasifican en residuos a, 3, Y y X.
Debido a que cada tipo de radiación interacciona de distinta forma con la materia, presentando diferentes longitudes de penetración, este criterio condiciona las barreras de protección, el manejo de los residuos y en general la exposición a las radiaciones en el lugar de almacenamiento.
El periodo de semidesintegración
Como es sabido, la radiactividad decrece regularmente con el tiempo. En función del período radiactivo de los radionucleidos contenidos en los residuos (o tiempo al cabo del cual la radiactividad se reduce a la mitad), se puede hacer la siguiente clasificación:
• Residuos de vida corta: son aquellos cuyo período de semidesintegración es inferior a 30 años.
• Residuos de vida larga: son aquellos cuyo período de semidesintegración es superior a 30 años.
Este criterio condiciona las soluciones a poner en práctica a largo plazo por cuestiones de riesgo potencial, ya que el período de semidesintegración da idea del tiempo necesario para que un radionucleido reduzca su actividad hasta niveles aceptables. Así, los residuos de vida corta reducen su actividad inicial a menos de la milésima parte en un plazo como máximo de 300 años (es decir, diez períodos). Sin embargo, los residuos de vida larga pueden conservar una actividad apreciable durante miles o incluso millones de años.
Translation - English Classification criteria for nuclear waste
There is no universally recognised classification for a wide range of radioactive waste.
Some of the most important criteria that can serve as a base for the establishment of waste classification are: physical state, type of radiation emitted, half-life, specific activity and radiotoxicity.
Physical State
Radioactive waste can be classified by its physical state: solids, liquids and gases.
Type of radiation emitted
Radionuclides contained in radioactive waste can decay in different ways, leading to the emission of various particles and rays. From this point of view, radioactive waste can be classified by the type of radiation it emits: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) rays or X-rays.
As each type of radiation interacts differently with the matter and has different penetration lengths, this criterion determines the protective barriers, the handling of waste and in general the exposure to radiation in the storage facility.
Half-life
As is known, radioactivity decreases exponentially over time. Depending on the radioactive period of radionuclides contained in the waste (or the time taken for radioactivity to reduce by half), the following classification can be made:
• Low-level waste: radioactive waste which has a half-life of less than 30 years.
• High-level waste: radioactive waste which has a half-life greater than 30 years.
This criterion determines the solutions to implement for long-term potential risks, as the half-life gives an idea of the time needed for the radioactivity of a radionuclide to decay to acceptable levels. Therefore, low-level waste has one-thousandth of its initial radioactivity remaining within a maximum time frame of 300 years (that is, 10 half-lives). However, high-level waste can retain detectable radioactivity for thousands or even millions of years.
Portuguese to English: Brazilian Football Article (Lancenet) General field: Other Detailed field: Sports / Fitness / Recreation
Source text - Portuguese Quem viu a entrega da taça do Campeonato Brasileiro ao Cruzeiro, no domingo passado, talvez tenha percebido a presença de um homem vestindo uma camisa azul e usando óculos, no pódio, junto aos jogadores. Ele tinha uma faixa adornando o peito e uma medalha pendurada no pescoço. Era um dos mais sorridentes, aplaudia efusivamente, demonstrava genuína felicidade.
Fábio, o capitão cruzeirenese, foi buscar o troféu, mas não o ergueu imediatamente. Após colocá-lo no chão para que os jogadores fizessem uma saudação, o goleiro chamou todos para o gesto final. Antes, porém, convidou o homem de azul a tocar a taça. Não era um companheiro machucado ou um ex-jogador identificado com o clube. Era o diretor de futebol do Cruzeiro, Alexandre Mattos.
O que parece uma cena comum é um testemunho do espaço ocupado por um executivo, não apenas aceito como solicitado a participar de um momento que pertence aos atletas. Jogadores de futebol são zelosos na proteção ao próprio território. Não frequentam escritórios e não toleram a aparição de estranhos no vestiário. A hora de levantar um troféu é deles. A deferência dos cruzeirenses a Mattos significa que ele é “um deles”.
Alexandre Mattos é o nome em maior evidência por ter montado o time que conquistou dois campeonatos brasileiros seguidos, mas há outros profissionais de alto perfil cujos serviços são disputados por clubes como se fossem jogadores. Rodrigo Caetano, para citar um deles, foi apresentado pelo Flamengo nesta semana como o primeiro reforço para o próximo ano. O que dá a medida de como o mercado os valoriza.
Mattos está de saída do Cruzeiro por divergências com seus superiores. Os pedidos dos jogadores para que reconsidere a decisão não devem impedir a mudança de prefixo de seu telefone celular. Se for trabalhar no Palmeiras, que não esconde o interesse, encontrará um ambiente que carece urgentemente de alguém como ele.
Translation - English Whoever saw Cruzeiro’s Brazilian Championship trophy presentation last Sunday, may have noticed a man in a blue shirt with glasses on the podium alongside the players. He had a sash across his chest and a medal hanging from his neck. He had the biggest smile as he clapped exuberantly, showing genuine happiness.
The Cruzeiro team captain, Fábio, went to collect the cup but he did not immediately hold it aloft. After placing it on the ground, he called all his teammates to gather around for the big moment. Not before inviting the man in the blue shirt to touch the trophy. He was not an injured teammate or a famous ex-Cruzeiro player. He was Alexandre Mattos, the Cruzeiro director of football.
What seems to be a normal occurrence is a testament to the position held by an executive, not least accepted to participate in a moment which belongs to the players. Football players are fervent about protecting their own turf. They do not hang around offices nor appreciate seeing a stranger in the changing room. The moment of raising the cup is theirs. The difference is that everyone connected with Cruzeiro sees Mattos as “one of them”.
Alexandre Mattos is the man credited for assembling a team that has won back-to-back Brazilian Championships. However, there are other high profile directors of football which clubs fight over to secure their services as if they were players. Rodrigo Caetano, to name one, was presented by Flamengo this week as the first signing for the forthcoming season. This highlights how valued they really are.
Mattos is leaving Cruzeiro due to differences with his superiors. The pleas of the players for him to reconsider will not stop him from changing his area code. If he goes on to sign for Palmeiras, which he has never hidden his interest, he will find a club that is in urgent need of somebody like him.
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Translation education
Graduate diploma - Dublin City University
Experience
Years of experience: 10. Registered at ProZ.com: Jun 2013.
I am a Spanish/Portuguese (Brazilian) into English freelance translator with a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry. As part of my Science course, I also studied other fields of Science, including Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Genetics... and Calculus (yikes!). I have always been surrounded by English and Spanish due to my bilingual upbringing. My passion for languages evolved from that and motivated me to learn Portuguese (Brazilian).
I decided that I wanted a career where I could utilise my languages. This led me to the M.A. in Translations Studies programme offered by DCU. It was my high grades in the scientific and technical translation modules of the course that convinced me to specialise as a scientific translator.
I also specialise in sports translations. Soccer, tennis, rugby, motorsport, swimming and athletics capture my attention. Translating any text regarding these sports is not really work for me as I regularly do so in my free time for fun!
While I specialise in scientific and sports translations, I also have professional translation experience in the video games and tourism fields.
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