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English to Romanian: Conferinţele Pugwash asupra Ştiinţei şi Afacerilor Mondiale General field: Other Detailed field: History
Source text - English (Wikipedia)
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an international organization that brings together scholars and public figures to work toward reducing the danger of armed conflict and to seek solutions to global security threats. It was founded in 1957 by Joseph Rotblat and Bertrand Russell in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, following the release of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto in 1955.
Rotblat and Russell jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1995 for efforts on nuclear disarmament. International Student/Young Pugwash groups have existed since 1979.
Contents
1 Origin of the Pugwash Conferences
2 Organizational structure
3 Contributions to international security
4 Criticism
5 Nobel Peace Prize
6 "Pugwashites"
7 See also
8 External links
9 References
Origin of the Pugwash Conferences
The Russell-Einstein Manifesto, released July 9, 1955, called for a conference for scientists to assess the dangers of weapons of mass destruction (then only considered to be nuclear weapons). Cyrus Eaton, a Canadian industrialist who had known Russell since 1938, offered on July 13 to finance the conference in his hometown of Pugwash, Nova Scotia. This was not taken up at the time because a meeting was planned for India, at the invitation of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. With the outbreak of the Suez Crisis the Indian conference was postponed. Aristotle Onassis offered to finance a meeting in Monaco instead, but this was rejected. Eaton's former invitation was taken up.
The first conference was held in July 1957 in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, hence the organization's name. It was organized by Joseph Rotblat, who served as secretary-general of the organization from its inception until 1973. The Russell-Einstein Manifesto became the Pugwash Conferences' founding charter.
Twenty-two scientists attended the first conference:
seven from the USA (David F. Cavers, Paul Doty, Hermann J. Muller, Eugene Rabinowitch, Walter Selove, Leó Szilárd, Victor F. Weisskopf)
three from the Soviet Union (Alexander M. Kuzin, Dmitri V. Skobeltzyn, Alexander V. Topchiev)
three from Japan (Iwao Ogawa, Shinichiro Tomonaga, Hideki Yukawa)
two from the UK (Cecil F. Powell, Joseph Rotblat)
two from Canada (Brock Chisholm, John S. Foster)
one each from Australia (Mark L. E. Oliphant), Austria (Hans Thirring), China (Chou Pei-Yuan), France (Antoine M. B. Lacassagne) and Poland (Marian Danysz).
Cyrus Eaton, Eric Burhop, whom Eaton had requested be invited, and Vladimir Pavlichenko also were present. Many others were unable to attend, including co-founder Bertrand Russell, for health reasons.
Organizational structure
Officers include the president, secretary-general and executive director. Formal governance is provided by the twenty-eight-person Pugwash Council, which serves for five years. There is also a six-member executive committee that assists the secretary-general. Jayantha Dhanapala is the current president.
The four Pugwash offices, in Rome, London, Geneva, and Washington D.C., provide support for Pugwash activities and serve as liaisons to the United Nations and other international organizations.
There are more than forty national Pugwash groups, organized as independent entities and often supported or administered by national academies of science.
The International Student/Young Pugwash groups works with, but are independent from, the international Pugwash group.
Contributions to international security
Pugwash's first fifteen years coincided with the Berlin Crisis, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, and the Vietnam War. Pugwash played a useful role in opening communication channels during a time of otherwise-strained official and unofficial relations. It provided background work to the Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963), the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), the Biological Weapons Convention (1972), and the Chemical Weapons Convention (1993). Mikhail Gorbachev admitted the influence of the organisation on him when he was leader of the Soviet Union.[1]
As international relations thawed, and as more unofficial communication channels appeared, Pugwash's visibility decreased, but still remained important in arms-control issues of the day: European nuclear forces, chemical and biological weaponry, space weapons, conventional force reductions and restructuring, and crisis control in the Third World. Pugwash's focus also has expanded to include issues of development and the environment.
Translation - Romanian (Wikipedia)
Conferinţele Pugwash asupra Ştiinţei şi Afacerilor Mondiale
Conferinţele Pugwash asupra Ştiinţei şi Afacerilor Mondiale este o organizatie internationala care aduce impreuna savanti si figuri publice sa lucreze impreuna in vederea reducerii pericolului de conflict armat si sa caute solutii la amenintarile securitatii globale. A fost fondata in 1957 de Joseph Rotblat si Bertrand Russell in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada, dupa publicarea Manifestului Russell-Einstein in 1955.
Organizatia Pugwash si Rotblat au primit impreuna Premiul Nobel pentru Pace in 1995 pentru eforturile privind dezarmarea nucleara. Grupurile de Tineri/ Studenti au existat din 1979.
Cuprins
• 1 Originea Conferintelor Pugwash
• 2 Structura organizationala
• 3 Contributii la securitatea internationala
• 4 Criticism
• 5 Premiul Nobel pentru Pace
• 6 “Pugwashiti”
• 7 Vezi de asemenea
• 8 Legaturi externe
• 9 Referinte
Originile Conferintelor Pugwash
Manifestul Russell-Einstein, publicat pe 5 iulie 1955, a chemat la o conferinta a oamenilor de stiinta pentru a evalua pericolele armelor de distrugere in masa ( atunci considerate a fi numai armele nucleare). Cyrus Eaton, un industrialist canadian care cunoscuse pe Russell din 1938, s-a oferit pe 13 iulie sa finanteze conferinta in orasul sau, Pugwash, Nova Scotia. Aceasta nu s-a acceptat in acel timp pentru ca fusese planuita o intalnire in India, la invitatia Primului Ministru Jawaharlal Nehru. O data cu izbucnirea crizei Suezului, Conferinta indiana a fost amanata. Aristotel Onassis s-a oferit sa finanteze o intalnire la Monaco, dar aceasta s-a respins. Invitatia precedenta a lui Eaton a fost acceptata.
Prima conferinta s-a stinut in iulie 1957 in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, de aici vine numele organizatiei. A fost organizata de Joseph Rotblat, care a servit ca secretar-general al organizatiei, de la infiintarea ei pana in 1973. Manifestul Russel-Einstein a devenit carta fondatoare a Conferintelor Pugwash.
Douazeci si doi de oameni de stiinta au participat la prima conferinta:
• Sapte din Statele Unite ale Americii (David F. Cavers, Paul Doty, hermann J. Muller, Eugene Rabinowitch, Walter Selove, Léo Szilárd, Victor F. Weisskopf)
• Trei din Uniunea Sovietica (Alexander M. Kuzin, Dmitri Skobeltin, Alexander Topciev)
• Trei din Japonia (Iwao Ogawa, Shinichiro Tomonaga, Hideki Yukawa)
• Doi din Marea Britanie (Cecil F. Powell, Joseph Rotblat)
• Doi din Canada (Brock Chisholm, John S. Foster)
• Cate unul din Australia (Mark L. E. Oliphant), Austria (Hans Thirring), China (Chou Pei-Yuan), Franta (Antoine M. B. Lacassagne) si Polonia (Marian Danysz).
Cyrus Eaton, Eric Burhop, care Eaton ceruse sa fie invitat, si Vladimir Pavlicenko, au fost de asemenea prezenti. Multi altii n-au putut sa participe, inclusiv co-fondatorul Betrand Russell, din motive de sanatate.
Structura organizationala
Membrii comitetului de conducere sunt presedintele, secretarul general si directorul executiv. Guvernarea generala este asigurata de Consiliul Pugwash, de douazeci si opt de persoane, care serveste cinci ani. Exista de asemenea un comitet executiv de sase membri care asista pe secretarul general. Jayantha Dhanapala este presedintele curent.
Cele patru birouri, in Roma, Londra, Geneva, si Washington D.C., fornizeaza suport pentru activitatile Pugwash si servesc ca legaturi catre Natiunile Unite si alte organizatii internationale.
Exista mai mult de patruzeci de grupuri nationale Pugwash, organizate ca entitati independente si adesea sprijinite sau administrate de academiile nationale de stiinte.
Grupurile Pugwash pentru Tineret/Studentesti Internationale lucreaza cu grupul Pugwash international, dar sunt independente de el.
Contributii la securitatea internationala
Primii cincisprezece ani ai Conferintelor Pugwash au coincis cu Criza Berlinului, Criza rachetelor cubaneze, invazia Cehoslovaciei de catre tarile Pactului de la Varsovia, si Razboiul din Vietnam. Organizatia a furnizat lucrari de fond pentru Tratatul Interzicerii Testelor Partiale (1963), Tratatul de Neproliferare (1968), Tratatul Rachetelor Antibalistice (1972), Conventia Armelor Chimice (1993). Mihail Gorbaciov a admis influenta organizatiei asupra sa atunci cand era conducator al Uniunii Sovietice. [1]
Pe masura ce relatiile internationale s-au dezghetat si pe masura ce au aparut mai multe canale de comunicare, vizibilitatea Organizatiei Pugwash a scazut, dar inca a ramas importanta in chestiunile de control al armelor de astazi : forte nucleare europene, armament chimic si biologic, arme spatiale, reduceri si restructurare ale fortelor conventionale, si controlul crizei in Lumea a Treia. Centrul de interes al organizatiei Pugwash s-a extins deasemenea, incluzand chestiunile de dezvoltare si mediu.
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