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English to Arabic: Maria Novel's Preface General field: Art/Literary
Source text - English Maria, or, The Wrongs of Woman
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT
PREFACE
THE PUBLIC are here presented with the last literary attempt of an author, whose fame has been uncommonly extensive, and whose talents have probably been most admired, by the persons by whom talents are estimated with the greatest accuracy and discrimination. There are few, to whom her writings could in any case have given pleasure, that would have wished that this fragment should have been suppressed, because it is a fragment. There is a sentiment, very dear to minds of taste and imagination, that finds a melancholy delight in contemplating these unfinished productions of genius, these sketches of what, if they had been filled up in a manner adequate to the writer's conception, would perhaps have given a new impulse to the manners of a world.
The purpose and structure of the following work, had long formed a favourite subject of meditation with its author, and she judged them capable of producing an important effect. The composition had been in progress for a period of twelve months. She was anxious to do justice to her conception, and recommenced and revised the manuscript several different times. So much of it as is here given to the public, she was far from considering as finished, and, in a letter to a friend directly written on this subject, she says, "I am perfectly aware that some of the incidents ought to be transposed, and heightened by more harmonious shading; and I wished in some degree to avail myself of criticism, before I began to adjust my events into a story, the outline of which I had sketched in my mind." The only friends to whom the author communicated her manuscript, were Mr. Dyson, the translator of the Sorcerer, and the present editor; and it was impossible for the most inexperienced author to display a stronger desire of profiting by the censures and sentiments that might be suggested.
In revising these sheets for the press, it was necessary for the editor, in some places, to connect the more finished parts with the pages of an older copy, and a line or two in addition sometimes appeared requisite for that purpose. Wherever such a liberty has been taken, the additional phrases will be found inclosed in brackets; it being the editor's most earnest desire to intrude nothing of himself into the work, but to give to the public the words, as well as ideas, of the real author.
What follows in the ensuing pages, is not a preface regularly drawn out by the author, but merely hints for a preface, which, though never filled up in the manner the writer intended, appeared to be worth preserving.
W.GODWIN.
AUTHOR'S PREFACE
THE WRONGS OF WOMAN, like the wrongs of the oppressed part of mankind, may be deemed necessary by their oppressors: but surely there are a few, who will dare to advance before the improvement of the age, and grant that my sketches are not the abortion of a distempered fancy, or the strong delineations of a wounded heart.
In writing this novel, I have rather endeavoured to pourtray passions than manners.
In many instances I could have made the incidents more dramatic, would I have sacrificed my main object, the desire of exhibiting the misery and oppression, peculiar to women, that arise out of the partial laws and customs of society.
In the invention of the story, this view restrained my fancy; and the history ought rather to be considered, as of woman, than of an individual.
The sentiments I have embodied.
In many works of this species, the hero is allowed to be mortal, and to become wise and virtuous as well as happy, by a train of events and circumstances. The heroines, on the contrary, are to be born immaculate, and to act like goddesses of wisdom, just come forth highly finished Minervas from the head of Jove.
[The following is an extract of a letter from the author to a friend, to whom she communicated her manuscript.]
For my part, I cannot suppose any situation more distressing, than for a woman of sensibility, with an improving mind, to be bound to such a man as I have described for life; obliged to renounce all the humanizing affections, and to avoid cultivating her taste, lest her perception of grace and refinement of sentiment, should sharpen to agony the pangs of disappointment. Love, in which the imagination mingles its bewitching colouring, must be fostered by delicacy. I should despise, or rather call her an ordinary woman, who could endure such a husband as I have sketched.
These appear to me (matrimonial despotism of heart and conduct) to be the peculiar Wrongs of Woman, because they degrade the mind. What are termed great misfortunes, may more forcibly impress the mind of common readers; they have more of what may justly be termed stage-effect; but it is the delineation of finer sensations, which, in my opinion, constitutes the merit of our best novels. This is what I have in view; and to show the wrongs of different classes of women, equally oppressive, though, from the difference of education, necessarily various.
Translation - Arabic ماريا, أو ظلم المرأة
ماري ولستون كرافت
تمهيد
نقدم هنا بين يدي الجمهور محاولة أدبية أخيرة من كاتبة ذات شهرة واسعة استثنائية ومواهب حازت كل إعجاب, إعجاب الأشخاص الذين تعدّ مواهبهم في أعلى درجات الدقة والتميز. في حين تمنت قلة - ممن محال لمؤلفات كاتبتنا مهما بلغت أن تمنحهم السرور- لو أنها أخمدت هذا العمل الأدبي لأنه عمل لم يكتمل. أما الوجدان الذي يسكن قلوب أهلِ الذوق والخيال فسيحظى ببهجة الكآبة أثناء التأمل في أعمال النوابغ التي لم تكتمل. بل ربما أعطت هذه القصاصات - لو مُلئت فجواتها بطريقة ملائمة لمفهوم الكاتب – دفعة جديدة للأخلاق في هذا العالم .
شكَّل كلٌ من هدف هذا العمل وبنيته موضوعاً مفضلا للتأمل لدى الكاتبة فرأت أنهما قادران على إحداث أكبر الأثر, فاستغرق تأليفه اثني عشر شهراً, كانت تواقة فيها لتكون منصفة في تصورها, فراجعت وأعادت كتابة المسوّدة مرات عدة. ولذلك كان بعيداً عن تصوّر الكاتبة أن معظم النص - كما يُقدم هنا للجمهور- قد انتهى. فقد قالت في رسالة لصديق عن هذا الموضوع بهذا الخصوص: "أدرك تماما أن بعض الحوادث يجب أن تتغير مواضعها , وأن تبرز بظلامية أكثر انسجاماً , ولحد ما رغبت في أن أستفيد من نقدي لنفسي قبل أن أرتب أحداثي في قصة رسمتُ خطوطها العريضة في ذهني". كان الصديقان الوحيدان اللذان أطلعتهما الكاتبة على مخطوطها السيد دايسون , مترجم كتاب الساحر , والمحرر الحالي . وكان محالاً لأقل الكتّاب خبرة أن يفصح عن رغبته في الاستفادة من الانتقادات والآراء التي قد يتم اقتراحها.
بدا ضروريا للمحرر في أثناء مراجعته هذه الصفحات أن يربط الأجزاء المنتهية مع صفحات من نسخ أقدم ويضيف سطرا أو سطرين لما يبدو أنه لازمٌ لتحقيق ذاك الغرض , وستكون العبارات الإضافية محصورة بين قوسين في أي موضع حدث فيه مثل هذا الاجتراء. كانت رغبة المحرر المخلصة في أن لا يقحم شيئا من عنده في العمل وإنما أن يقدم للجمهور كلمات وأفكار الكاتبة الحقيقة.
وما سيأتي في الصفحات القادمة ليس تمهيدها متناسقا كُتِبَ بتفصيله بقلم الكاتبة, وإنما هو مجرد تلميحات للتمهيد لم تكتمل قط بالطريقة التي أرادتها الكاتبة وجدنا أنها جديرة بالذكر.
وليام غدوين
تمهيد الكاتبة
ظلم المرأة مثل ظلم الفئة المضطهدة من البشر ربما يعدّ ضروريا لدى ظالميهم , ولكن من المؤكد أن هناك قلة سيجرؤون ويتقدموا قبل صلاح هذا العصر ويسلّموا بأن قصاصاتي ليست إسقاطا لخيال مشوش المزاج أو وصفا خلابا لقلب جريح.
في كتابتي لهذه الرواية حاولت بالأحرى أن أصور العواطف لا الأخلاق.
وفي أحيان كثيرة كان بمقدوري أن أجعل الأحداث أكثر إثارة, بيد أني بهذا سأضحي بهدفي الأساس وهو الرغبة في أن أعرض الشقاء والاضطهاد الذي ينصب على النساء خاصة والذي ينشأ من القوانين المنحازة و أعراف المجتمع.
وقيدت هذه الرؤية خيالي خلال إبداعي لهذه القصة فالتاريخ ينبغي أن يؤخذ بعين الاعتبار كما هو للمرأة لا لشخص بمفرده.
الآراء التي جسدتها.
وفي كثير من الأعمال من هذا النوع يسمح للبطل أن يكون خالداً ويصبح حكيماً وفاضلاً و سعيداً , بينما البطلات على العكس من ذلك تماما فيفترض أن يولدن طاهرات وأن يتصرفن مثل آلهة الحكمة التي تخرج من مخبئها وتتخلص من سيطرة جوبيتور.
(فيما يلي مقتطف من رسالة الكاتبة إلى صديق أطلعته على المخطوط)
من ناحيتي لا أستطيع أن أتصور صورة أكثر إيلاماً من امرأة رقيقة الشعور ذات عقل يرتقي ترتبط مدى حياتها برجل كالذي وصفت, مكرهة على التخلي عن كل عواطفها الإنسانية وتتجنب ما ينهض بذوقها خشية أن يقويها تفهمها وكياستها ونقاء شعورها في وجه الآلام وغصات خيبة الأمل. الحب الذي فيه يدمج التصور ألونه الساحرة يجب أن يترعرع في تربة المراعاة. وعليّ أن أزدري التي تحتمل مثل هذا الزوج الذي وصفت أو بالأحرى أدعوها امرأة بسيطة.
يبدو هذا لي ( الاستبداد الزوجي على العقل والسلوك ) أنه ظلم على المرأة خاصة دون سواها, لأنهم يحطون من قدر العقل. وما يدعى مصائب عظيمة قد يؤثر قسراً على عقول عامة القراء, فلها أكثر مما اصطلح عليه أثر المسرح ,ولكنها تصوير لمشاعر أجمل والتي أرى أنها تشكل ميزة أروع رواياتنا , هذه كانت رؤيتي ولكي نبرز ظلم النساء في مختلف الطبقات الذي يتساوى في الاضطهاد ولكن يتباين بالضرورة وفقا للفوارق في التعلم.
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