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Translation - English RESEARCH TITLE :Wall Art Study for Product Design Project
Abstract
Styles and Aspects of wall Art or Graffiti on many public and private building walls show the developing of modern art from time to time. Art on the Wall indicates harmony of many patterns which is a kind of art. Understanding of origin and development of different types of Graffiti can apply in creations of daily life products
Figures of graffiti originally have seen on Roads or abandoned buildings. The study demonstrated that they were adapted from alphabets and cartoons to new different colourful appearing figures. Some of them have been re-styled from the other graffiti figures to make them more beautiful. In each group of graffiti painters or sprayers have their own identities. They will repeat spray or paint the same style in many areas to make their styles to be well-known and famous.
From these different ideas, I applied them to design my graffiti lamp having graffiti figures and some graphics.
Nowadays, Graffiti is an art which is highly admirable and popular in teenager groups. Painting wall art styles on products affects on teenager groups and people who love art and give them other options of buying new different colorful appearing lamps.
English to Thai: SERATEC® PSA SEMIQUANT General field: Medical
Source text - English SERATEC® PSA SEMIQUANT
Cat-No. PSM400F
In-vitro diagnostic test for professional forensic use for the detection of seminal fluid by the
semi-quantitative determination of PSA (Prostate-specific antigen)
Intended Use
The SERATEC® PSA SEMIQUANT test serves the rapid detection of PSA in
seminal fluid. The interpretation occurs visual by the recognition of a test line
in the case of a PSA positive sample. If required the intensity of the test line
can be correlated to the intensity of an internal standard which is adjusted to
resemble the color intensity of the test result line at 4 ng PSA / ml.
Introduction
PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) is a glycoprotein produced in the prostate and
secreted into the seminal fluid. PSA is one of the major proteins in seminal
fluid with concentrations of 0.2 to 3.0 mg/ml. Its main function is to liquefy
the seminal fluid. This high amount and the fact that PSA is found only at very
low concentrations in female vaginal fluid (0.4-0.9 ng/mL and 0.0-1.25
ng/mL, respectively)
2,3
make PSA an interesting marker in forensic science for
the detection of even small amounts of seminal fluid. The advantages of a PSA
determination are:
• The detection of sperm is possible in cases where no spermatozoa can
be found (for example vasectomized men).
• Very small amounts of sperm can be recorded. Studies of MACALUSO
et al. (1999) showed, that an amount of only 10 µl sperm increased the
PSA concentration in vaginal fluid ca. 200 fold.
• PSA shows a good stability. In vaginal smear it is detectable up to 14-47
hours after the intercourse.
5
Also in 30 years old semen stains PSA
could be recovered at detectable concentrations.
1
• PSA is a marker, which is more specific than the acid phosphatase test.
The test will be affected in its evidence by the fact that other body fluids as
blood or urine can also contain PSA. Whereas the PSA concentration of male
blood serum is normally low (< 4 ng/mL) and is elevated only in the case of
prostatic diseases up to 200 ng/mL, the amount of PSA in urine of healthy men
showed in some cases values of 800 ng/mL (estimated value).
4
In the case of
doubt a differentiation between seminal fluid and urine may be possible by the
determination of the PSA concentration. The highest degree of dilution at male
urine with a reported positive PSA result is 1:200. On the other hand semen
samples generally show positive PSA results even at a dilution factor of
1:200,000, that means at a 1,000 fold higher dilution.
4
Studies show that low amounts of PSA are already detectable in the urine of
eleven years old boys.
4
For a list of other body fluids that contain PSA, please see reference # 6.
Normally the PSA concentrations in the other body fluids are low, so that an
interference with the interpretation of the test result is unlikely to expect if
working with extracted/diluted materials.
Description of the test
Originally the SERATEC PSA SEMIQUANT test was developed for the
determination of PSA in blood serum to allow the detection of elevated levels
of PSA that might be an indication of prostatic cancer. For the detection of
semen the test is generally used in a qualitative way. In special cases, however,
it might be helpful to estimate the amount of PSA in the sample by correlating
the intensity of the test result line with the internal standard.
Principle of the test
The SERATEC® PSA SEMIQUANT test is a chromatographic immunoassay
(CIA) for the rapid semi-quantitative determination of PSA in body fluids. It
contains two monoclonal murine anti-PSA antibodies as active compounds.
One of these antibodies is immobilized at the test region on the membrane. The
upstream control region and the region of the internal standard (between
control and test region) contain immobilized polyclonal goat anti-mouse
antibodies. The amount of antibody at the internal standard is adjusted to a
color intensity of the line, which is equal to the color intensity of the test line
at a PSA concentration of 4 ng/mL. A glass fiber pad downstream of the
membrane is used for sample loading and transmission to a second fiber pad
with the dried and gold labeled second monoclonal murine anti-PSA antibody.
PSA at the sample will bind to the re-mobilized gold-labeled antibody and
form a PSA-gold-labeled-anti-PSA-antibody-complex.
Through the capillary effect of the membrane, the reaction mixture including
the complex is carried upwards with the fluid. In any case the colored gold
labeled anti-PSA-antibody will bind to the anti-mouse-antibody at the control
region and the region of the internal standard thus developing two red lines
(one at the control region ant one at the region of the internal standard). These
two lines are independent of the existence of PSA in the sample and indicate
only the correct execution of the test.
If the sample contains PSA, the PSA-gold-labeled anti-PSA-antibody complex
will bind to the immobilized monoclonal antibody of the test result region that
recognizes another epitope on the PSA molecule (sandwich complex). The
binding is indicated by the formation of an additional line. Thus a PSA
positive sample will show three colored lines in the result window. The line in
the middle (internal standard) correlates with an amount of 4 ng/ml PSA. In
some cases it might be helpful to estimate the amount of PSA in the sample by
comparison of the test result line with the internal standard line.
Materials
Materials provided: 40 individually sealed tests per box inclusive plastic
pipettes and one user instruction leaflet.
Materials required but not provided: Timer
Storage and Stability
The test is stable up to the expiry date stated on the sealed pouch. The tests can
be stored at room temperature or refrigerated ( 4 to 30°C). The test must
remain in the sealed pouch until use.
Qualitative Characteristics
Sensitivity
The test is capable of detecting PSA in a concentration range of at least 2
ng/mL PSA to 100 µg/ml PSA. Please note, that samples containing less than 2
ng PSA/ ml may also produce faint positive results so that 0.5 ng PSA/mL are
most of the times still detectable with the test. At ≥500 µg/mL the test result is
hampered by an excess amount of PSA resulting in a high dose hook effect.
Reference Preparations
The qualitative characteristics of the test are confirmed in a final QC testing
using the following WHO standard: Prostate Specific Antigen (90:10), First
International Standard, NIBSC Code 96/670.
Performance Characteristics
The following performance characteristics were observed at a concentration of
2 ng PSA/ml (guaranteed detection limit of the SERATEC PSA SEMIQUANT
test)
For the discrimination of concentration ranges of < and ≥ 4 ng/mL PSA, as it is
required for the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, the performance
characteristics of the test were evaluated in two independent clinical trials. The
list below shows the mean of the two results:
Specificity
The test shows no cross reactivity with other proteins of the seminal fluid. An
immunoblot with seminal fluid using the respective PSA antibodies resulted
only in one reactive line at the height of PSA. No cross reactivity was observed
with the seminal fluid of other mammals (dog, cat, horse, bull, pig)
1
except for
the seminal fluid of primates.
No cross reactivity was observed with blood serum. Female blood with a PSA
content below the detection limit showed no reactivity.
Test procedure
Precautions
Seminal fluid and all materials coming in contact with it should be handled and
disposed of as if capable of transmitting infection. Avoid contact with skin by
wearing gloves and proper laboratory attire. The test and all materials coming
in contact with seminal fluid should be autoclaved before their disposal.
• For single IN VITRO DIAGNOSTIC use only.
• Do not use tests after expiration date or if the pouch has been damaged.
• The test consists of potentially infectious materials (e.g. antibodies).
These materials do not cause any danger if the device is used according
to the instructions.
• Do not open pouches until ready to perform the assay.
Specimen collection and handling
Seminal fluid should be diluted at least 1:500 prior to use because of its
extremely high PSA content. For the dilution either distilled water or standard
buffer solutions at a neutral pH range (e.g. Phosphate, HEPES or Tris buffered
saline) can be used.
Semen stains or swabs can be extracted with buffer by incubating them on a
shaker for 2 h at 4 °C. The PSA containing supernatant is removed, briefly
centrifuged for 3 min at 13,000 g and - if necessary - diluted. It is used as
sample for the test. Particles of tissue do not interfere with the test result.
Note
• A high viscosity of the sample might interfere with the capillary flow.
• Allow samples to warm up to room temperature before starting the test.
Start of the assay
Sample well
Result
window
• Bring test device to room temperature. Remove from protective pouch
and label device for identification purposes.
• Add five drops (about 200 µl) in the sample well. Keep remaining sample
in case it might be necessary to test additional dilutions.
• Read result after 10 minutes incubation at room temperature. There
should be no remaining fluid in the sample well at this time point. If you
want to estimate the amount of PSA by comparison with the internal
standard keep strictly to the 10 minutes. Otherwise the intensities of the
internal standard and the result may change resulting in incorrect
readings.
Interpretation of results
PSA negative (below detection limit) samples will show 2 lines in the result
well, whereas PSA positive samples will show 3 lines:
Test result line (T): reflects PSA concentration of the sample, visible in
PSA-positive samples only
Internal Standard: color intensity correlates with a concentration of
approximately 4 ng/mL PSA
Control Line (C): control for possible procedural errors and for the
integrity of test components
Sample well Internal
Standard
Control
Line
Result
window
Negative result (no PSA in the probe or PSA concentration below
detection limit)
Test result line (T) is not detectable.
Appearance of internal standard line and
control line (C) confirm validity of the test.
In this case the sample most likely does not
contain seminal fluid.
Note:
Make sure that the dilution of the probe leads to a PSA concentration
within the detection range. PSA concentrations that are too low (e.g. due
to insufficient extraction) or that are too high (e.g. due to insufficient
dilution; 500 µg/mL result in a high dose hook effect) interfere with the
formation of the test result.
Positive result (PSA detectable)
Test result line (T), internal standard line,
and control line (C) appear.
In this case it is very likely that the sample
contains seminal fluid.
Note:
If there is the risk of mixing up PSA containing body fluids and seminal
fluid you might try to get a more accurate result by testing higher dilutions.
Invalid result
Internal standard line and/or control line (C)
are not detectable.
The test is invalid and the assay should be
repeated with a new test cassette.
Note:
If the sample contains high amounts of PSA it is possible that the color
intensity the control line is only weak.
Dear Sir/Madam, I am new in Proz.com. However, I really wish to work for you. Don't hesitate to contact me, if you need someone to translate English to Thai or Thai to English. The price can be negociated. I will do my best for every job. Best Regards, Paweethida
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