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English to Spanish: Origins of the Human Development Approach General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Government / Politics
Source text - English Origins of the Human Development Approach
The Human Development approach arose in part as a result of growing criticism to the leading development approach of the 1980s, which presumed a close link between national economic growth and the expansion of individual human choices. Many, such as Dr. Mahbub ul Haq, the Pakistani economist who played a key role in formulating the human development paradigm, came to recognize the need for an alternative development model due to many factors, including:
• Growing evidence that did not support the then prevailing belief in the “trickle down” power of market forces to spread economic benefits and end poverty;
• The human costs of Structural Adjustment Programmes became more apparent;
• Social ills (crime, weakening of social fabric, HIV/AIDS, pollution, etc.) were still spreading even in cases of strong and consistent economic growth;
• A wave of democratization in the early 90’s raised hopes for people-centred models.
Many of its key principles, however, can be found in the writings of scholars and philosophers from past eras and across many societies.
Translation - Spanish Orígenes del enfoque de Desarrollo Humano
El enfoque de desarrollo humano nació, en parte, como resultado de las crecientes críticas al enfoque de desarrollo predominante en el decenio de 1980, el cual suponía un vínculo estrecho entre el crecimiento económico nacional y la ampliación de las opciones individuales del ser humano. Muchas personas, entre ellas el economista pakistaní Dr. Mahbub ul Haq, quien cumplió un rol fundamental en la formulación del paradigma de desarrollo humano, reconocieron la necesidad de un modelo de desarrollo alternativo por varias razones, entre las que se incluyen:
• la existencia de evidencia cada vez mayor en contra del convencimiento generalizado, en ese momento, sobre el poder del efecto de goteo de las fuerzas del mercado para propagar los beneficios económicos y erradicar la pobreza;
• los costos humanos de los Programas de Ajuste Estructural se tornaron más evidentes;
• las enfermedades sociales (el delito, el debilitamiento del tejido social, el VIH/SIDA, la contaminación, etc.) continuaban diseminándose aun frente a un crecimiento económico sólido y sistemático;
• una ola de democratización a principios de los noventa aumentó las esperanzas en torno a la creación de modelos centrados en las personas.
No obstante, muchos de los principios de este paradigma pueden encontrarse en los escritos de estudiosos y filósofos de tiempos pasados y de diversas sociedades.
Spanish to English: American trypanosomiasis: study on the prevalence of tripanosoma cruzi and t. cruzi like in wild rodents in San Luis (Argentina) General field: Science Detailed field: Biology (-tech,-chem,micro-)
Source text - Spanish La enfermedad de Chagas, ampliamente extendida en América Latina, es causada por el Trypanosoma cruzi , la vía de trasmisión más importante es producida por insectos triatomineos hematófagos y los mamíferos periantrópicos y silvestres mantienen el ciclo de infección/trasmisión tanto en el ambiente natural como en el peridomicilio.
El objetivo fue realizar un estudio de roedores silvestres del centro y norte de la Provincia de San Luis, Argentina, a los fines de evaluar si los mismos están infectados con Trypanosoma cruzi y cual es su prevalencia.
En cada sitio de muestreo ubicad0s entre 32º - 33º de latitud S y 65º - 66º de longitud W, se estableció un sistema de captura con trampas tipo “Sherman”. Se identificó taxonomicamnete a los roedores y se aisló los hemoflagelados. Se realizaron estudios morfológicos, biométricos, moleculares, cultivo in vitro, infección a animales de laboratorio e histología de músculo cardíaco e improta de zona de inoculación. De las siete especies de roedores analizadas se observó parásitos en sangre circulante: Calomys musculinus (Cm), Graomys griseoflavus (Gg), Phyllotis darwini (Pd) y Akodon molinae (Am), los porcentajes de prevalencia variaron entre 6,9 a 18,7 %.
Translation - English Chagas' disease, widely extended in Latin America, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The hematophagous triatominae insect is the major vector of the disease, whereas the wild and perianthropic mammals maintain the infection/transmission cycle in their natural habitat, as well as in the peridomestic area.
The objective of the present study was to study the level of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among wild rodents in the central and northern area of the San Luis province, Argentina, as well as the prevalence of infection.
A live-capture system with Sherman traps was set in each sample area located at latitude 32º - 33º S and longitude 65º - 66º W. The rodents were taxonomically classified, and hemoflagellates were isolated. Different morphological, biometric and molecular studies, as well as several in vitro cultures, were performed. Infection of laboratory animals, histological examination of cardiac muscle and inoculation area specimens were also carried out. Parasites were detected in circulating blood in 4 of the 7 species that were analyzed: Calomys musculinus (Cm), Graomys griseoflavus (Gg), Phyllotis darwini (Pd) and Akodon molinae (Am), with prevalence percentages ranging from 6.9% to 18.7%
Demonstrated accomplishments in the academic field; excellent communicator with the ability to complete all assignments accurately and on schedule. Adept at sizing up situations, analyzing facts, and developing alternative courses of action in order to achieve desired results.
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